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Introduction Ayurveda offers a unique framework for understanding disease causation through Hetu (etiological factors), which integrates sensory behavior, intellectual conduct, and the impact of time. Trividha Hetu, a classical Ayurvedic concept, identifies three fundamental causes of disease: Asatmya-Indriyārtha Saṃyoga (improper sensory contact), Prajñāparādha (intellectual error), and Pariṇāma (time or transformation). These factors are considered universal in disease origin.Methods This review explores the classical descriptions of Trividha Hetu by analyzing primary Ayurvedic texts, such as Caraka Saṃhitā, Suśruta Saṃhitā, and modern interpretations. The interrelationship between these causes is examined in the context of Ayurvedic pathology (Roga Vijñāna) and contemporary health challenges. Results The Trividha Hetu model underscores that disease arises from sensory mismanagement (Asatmya-Indriyārtha Saṃyoga), cognitive failure (Prajñāparādha), and temporal factors (Pariṇāma). Excessive or inappropriate sensory exposure, intellectual transgression, and improper adaptation to time contribute to doshic imbalances, weakened digestion (Agnimandya), and metabolic disturbances. Discussion By correlating these ancient insights with modern psychosomatic disorders and lifestyle-related diseases, the Trividha Hetu model provides a comprehensive understanding of disease that transcends symptomatic treatment. The framework's relevance is particularly significant in addressing contemporary issues such as stress, dietary imbalance, and chronic diseases. This holistic approach supports preventive and personalized healthcare practices.

Keywords: Trividha Hetu, Asatmya-Indriyārtha Saṃyoga, Prajñāparādha, Pariṇāma, Ayurveda, Disease causation