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ABSTRACT:

Arma is an ocular disease described in Ayurveda under Shuklagata Netra Rogas, characterized by the progressive growth of fibrovascular tissue from the conjunctiva onto the cornea. It closely corresponds to pterygium in modern ophthalmology, a chronic degenerative and proliferative disorder of the ocular surface. The condition is primarily associated with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and environmental irritants such as dust, wind, smoke, and dry climates, making it more prevalent among outdoor workers and populations living in tropical and subtropical regions.

Ayurvedic classical texts provide a detailed account of Arma, including its causative factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification, prognosis, and treatment. The disease is attributed to dosha imbalance leading to progressive fibrovascular tissue growth. While early-stage Arma is often asymptomatic, advanced lesions may cause ocular irritation, astigmatism, and visual impairment due to corneal involvement. Modern research on pterygium highlights chronic inflammation, ultraviolet-induced damage, fibrovascular proliferation, genetic predisposition, and molecular alterations as major factors in its development and progression.

Surgical excision is the primary treatment for advanced pterygium, but postoperative recurrence remains a major challenge. Modern approaches such as conjunctival autografting, amniotic membrane transplantation, and adjunctive therapies have improved outcomes by reducing recurrence rates. Combining the Ayurvedic understanding of Arma with contemporary scientific knowledge may enhance early diagnosis, optimize treatment strategies, prevent recurrence, and improve long-term patient outcomes.

Keywords: Arma, Pterygium, Shuklagata Roga, Netra Roga, Ayurveda.