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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its emergence in December 2019, the disease has rapidly evolved into a global health crisis, leading to significant morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic disruptions worldwide. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets, aerosols, and close human contact, contributing to its widespread transmission. COVID-19 presents with a diverse spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic or mild cases to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, and death, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and individuals with underlying comorbidities.

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for COVID-19. A systematic assessment of published literature highlights the critical role of vaccination in reducing disease severity and mortality. Various vaccine platforms, including mRNA, viral vector, protein subunit, and inactivated virus vaccines, have significantly altered the course of the pandemic, although concerns regarding waning immunity and emerging variants persist. In addition to vaccines, antiviral therapies such as remdesivir, molnupiravir, and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, along with immunomodulatory treatments including corticosteroids and monoclonal antibodies, have been instrumental in improving patient outcomes.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as social distancing, mask mandates, and lockdown measures, have played a crucial role in mitigating viral transmission, especially in the early phases of the pandemic. However, the socioeconomic and psychological consequences of these measures highlight the need for balanced public health strategies. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmissibility and immune escape potential continues to pose challenges for disease control, necessitating continuous genomic surveillance and adaptive vaccine strategies.

This review aims to provide a holistic perspective on the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the importance of global collaboration, evidence-based policymaking, and sustained investment in medical research. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, enhancing pandemic preparedness, and fostering international cooperation are essential to mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and addressing future pandemics effectively.

KEYWORDS

Antiviral therapies, COVID-19, Diagnostic modalities, Epidemiology, Management strategies, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine efficacy, Variants, Viral transmission